Category: Reading Logs

The main ideas of these articles focused on the societal construction of gender and how it is connected to exercise or sport.

“The Heterosexual Nature of Health and Hygiene Advertisements in the Cold War” – Thomas Wendelboe

This article was interesting because it discussed the idea of the heterosexual image of men and how it justified certain aspects of society as being a real man. The image of heterosexuality and the societal determined image of a desirable man was being used to sell health products, and certain sports were deemed male sports. This article spent time suggesting that the sphere of sports was seen as a male dominated area of society. The idea that the image of a socially constructed male was used the sell health products is an interesting topic. This idea seemed to create the sexualization of all the products that were advertised in this way. While focusing on the dominate idea of heterosexual males, Thomas Wendelboe suggested the negative stigma that was placed on homosexual males and the image that is portrayed. The societal thoughts on homosexuality during the time period this article focused on were not positive and there were demeaning names associated with anyone who identified in that way. This article adds to the historical context of this broader topic of socially constructed ideals for men, it goes to show the stigma that was placed on anything that did not match up with masculinity or heterosexuality.

“Let Me Hear Your Body Talk: Aerobics for Fat Women Only, 1981-1985” – Jenny Ellison

Jenny Ellison touches on some body image issues that are still prevalent in society today, and that is the idea of overweight women taking part in fitness classes. She focuses on the idea of these classes designed for overweight women, and they performed exercises that would benefit them, and would be doable. This idea really took off when these overweight women started teaching these classes, instead of a small, fit individual. Not only was it suggested that this type of class was beneficial to the self-esteem or self-confidence of these women, because they were surrounded by women who looked, and most likely struggled with the same issues they did. It would have provided a safe place for them to exercise but also be in a place with people like them without judgement. The societal construction of this groups of people in society, was portrayed in a very negative manner, and it caused much negative stigma around these women. The idea of exercise for overweight women was challenged when these classes became popular, and it changed the way these women thought of themselves and exercise. Some could argue that this idea constructed about overweight women and exercise still occurs today and it is still a common struggle that women face in today’s society. This article adds to the greater historiography of this topic, and how this stereotype was slightly altered over time, but society hasn’t completely changed. To this day, society presents an image of what women should look like in the media, which in some cases is impossible to achieve, but that image affects how all women think of themselves.

“Alcohol use During Pregnancy: A Challenge for the ‘80s.” – Mary Jane Ashley

In this article, Mary Jane Ashley discusses the changes in research that have been done in the 1900s. She quotes a 1965 book written by Ashley Montague stating, “it can now be stated categorically, after hundreds of studies covering many years, that no matter how great the amounts of alcohol taken by the mother – or by the father, for that matter – neither the germ cells nor the development of the child will be affected.”[1] I have interlibrary loaned this book by Montague to use in my paper, to support that even in 1965, alcohol was not seen as a contra-indicator. It was also discussed in this article by Ashley, that even in the 80s they were still discussing and doing research on the impacts of alcohol on fetuses, and trying to determine whether there were significant, life changing effects of alcohol. It was suggested that the determination on social drinking was still being discussed, as to whether it caused damage, and if women could still partake in it during their pregnancy. Ashley stated that it was determined that heavy drinking did result in a negative impact on the unborn child. Even though this article does not connect significantly to the other articles assigned for this week, it still discusses a socially constructed idea and how hard it can be to change the norm, even with research. It was also suggested by Ashley that since the detrimental effects of alcohol use during pregnancy are fairly recent discovery, in the 80s, that there were still some older doctors who weren’t necessarily trained or educated in this new development, meaning that the 1960s ways of thinking about this topic was still floating round in the 80s.  This article adds to the historical evidence of this topic because it shows the slow change in a societal constructed idea on health and safety of fetuses.

Bibliography

Ashley, Mary Jane “Alcohol use during pregnancy: A Challenge in the ‘80s.” Canadian Medical Association Journal (1981) Vol. 125 p. 141-143

Ellison, Jenny, “‘Let Me Hear Your Body Talk’: Aerobics for Fat Women Only, 1981-1985,” in Cheryl Krasnick Warsh (Ed), Gender, Health and Popular Culture: Historical Perspectives, Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 2011: 193-214

Wendelboe, Thomas, “The Heterosexual Nature of Health and Hygiene Advertisements” in Penny Light, et.al, “Introduction,” in Bodily Subjects: Essays on Gender and Health, 1800-2000, Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2015:

[1] Mary Jane Ashley, “Alcohol use during pregnancy: A Challenge in the ‘80s.” Canadian Medical Association Journal (1981) Vol. 125 p. 141.

“Ordering the Bath: Children, Health, and Hygiene in Northern Canadian Communities, 1900-1970.” – Myra Rutherdale.

This article by Myra Rutherdale, was captivating as it went into detail about how the tension between the Aboriginal community and the European Canadians, continued to build and forms of assimilation were used. With Aboriginal communities being exposed to illness when the Europeans first came over, the issue of health was always prevalent. Rutherdale uses common health practices that were seen in both cultures, and provided evidence that displays the struggle of differences. She talks about childbirth, dressing, bathing, and having children on schedules. These areas are of importance of the world of health and hygiene as a positive outcome of these practices was crucial for good health.

There was a heavy sense of importance placed on the health of children, as they were in schools, so the practice of bathing was becoming increasingly important but unheard of by the Aboriginal children and was a breathtaking shock, according to the evidence. This was an interesting concept to read about, as for someone who grew up as a “white Canadian”, reading that bathing was something other than a normal practice.

There was a large presence of the church and missionaries, in residential schools but as well in the community and this new focus on health was pushed everywhere. It was suggested that nurses who did house calls had a better opportunity of providing information around the importance of health and hygiene.

In the community, there was a large interest in how aboriginal women experienced childbirth. Some wanted to change the traditional practices of Aboriginal women, but others only wanted to provide new technologies that might make their traditional practices easier, but not alter them in anyway. There were differing opinions as to what was to be done immediately after the child was born, but these changed as the years went on and more information was gathered.

Another major theme that was discusses in Rutherdale’s article was having children on schedules and how it was supposed to significantly improve development. She provided evidence supporting that children did better with routines and a consistent schedule.

All of these hygiene and health practices were growing increasingly important and Rutherdale was successful in exploring this area of interest and was able to add to the knowledge and information already collected. This widened the understanding of how challenging It would have been for the Aboriginal community to continue with their traditional practices when the White Canadian’s way of dealing with health was so prominent and pushed on them.

This article can be discussed with the Mona Gleason article, “Race, Class, and Health: School Medical Inspection and “Healthy” Children in British Columbia, 1890-1930”, as the focus of both of these article is on the assimilation of immigrants and any other culture that did not have the same health practices as the White Canadians.

“Race, Class, and Health: School Medical Inspection and “Healthy” Children in British Columbia, 1890-1930.” – Mona Gleason.

Mona Gleason focuses on the Chinese immigrants, and the Native children in classrooms, and she emphasizes the evidence that supports the hygiene of these students. This article looked into what took place in schools and how teachers played a major role in the maintenance of health and hygiene of the students. Assimilation techniques that are displayed in this article are to ensure that the amount of illness decreases and all of society

Teachers were put in charge of examining children and determining whether they had an illness, and then needed to suggest treatment for the child. This seems like a burden that teachers should not have carried, the lack of training these teachers had to make these determinations. These teachers were considered “medical officers”[1] and were implementing the assimilation methods, with the children of society.

It was desired that every student had the same health practices to limit the amount of illness and disease. It was stated, ““Health lessons are necessarily very elemental when one remembers that most of the children have previously never seen a tooth brush, a bath tub was unheard of, and a balanced diet beyond the limits of imagination…. Surely our chief aim in this special branch of our work is to help develop the Indian into a healthy, respectable, self-supporting citizen.”” (287)[2] This quote stood out, as it suggests how culturally different these students were, the lack of hygiene seemed to be a struggle. As immigration became more popular, and the more integration that took place, increased the concern of everyone practicing the same hygiene traditions. It is suggested in this quote that it was desired to have all children practicing the same form of hygiene to ensure everyone stays healthy.

This article can be connected to the Myra Rutherdale article “Ordering the Bath: Children, Health, and Hygiene in Northern Canadian Communities, 1900-1970” as both of these articles discuss the fear of there being another culture that considers health issues differently. The forms of assimilation that continue in different areas of the Aboriginals lives, took a toll on their cultural traditions.

Bibliography

Gleason Mona, “School Medical Inspection and ‘Healthy’ Children in British Columbia, 1890-1930,” in Krasnick Warsh and Strong-Boag (Eds.), Children’s Health Issues in Historical Perspective, Waterloo, WLU Press, 2005: 287-304.

Rutherdale Myra, “Children, Health, and Hygiene in Norther Canadian Communities,” in Krasnick Warsh and Strong-Boag (Eds.), Children’s Health Issues in Historical Perspective, Waterloo, WLU Press, 2005: 305-32.

[1] Mona Gleason, “School Medical Inspection and ‘Healthy’ Children in British Columbia, 1890-1930,” in Krasnick Warsh and Strong-Boag (Eds.), Children’s Health Issues in Historical Perspective, Waterloo, WLU Press, 2005: 287-304.

[2] Gleason, “School Medical Inspection and ‘Healthy’ Children in British Columbia, 1890-1930,”, 287.

“For Fixing to Enhancing Bodies: Shifting Ideals of health and gender in the medical discourse on cosmetic surgery in twentieth century Canada” – Tracy Penny Light

This article was interesting to read as I have not looked into cosmetic surgery a lot, but the connection of “fixing”[1] bodies that are not broken, or modifying them in order to meet societal standards. Tracy Penny Light’s major focus in this chapter was the idea that when cosmetic surgery is used in ways that are not fixing life threating issues. This article discussed that the psychological well-being of these patients was seen as more important than altering something that was necessary to alter. The main reason cosmetic patients were undergoing these procedures was to live up to the impossible standards placed on each gender that society had created. With desire to live up to these societal norms, there is the struggle of naturally living up to them and the surgical option is the only option left. This is connected to the psychological well-being of individuals in the society who are struggling, to meet these unrealistic standards. In society today, the stereotypes and gender ideals are very prevalent, and the challenge to meet these are increasing at a rapidly pace. This article by Tracy Penny Light discusses the connection of gender and the roles that everyone plays in society and the importance of it. This article fits well into the historiography of cosmetic surgery and its connection to gender and how society plays a significant role in how we view ourselves in term of others, and how cosmetic surgery allowed for individuals to have access to try to achieve the impossible standards. There is a connection between this article and the other article that was assigned for this week, is that they both stress the impact of gender in society, in all aspects and how gender allows us to be the citizens society desires us to be.

“I Feel like a Girl Inside”: Possibilities for Gender and Sexual Diversity in Early Primary School” – Anika Nicole Stafford

This article was interesting because as I get closer to becoming a teacher and having my own classroom, the thought of this teacher presenting this to her classroom, was something I never thought I’d have to think of teaching that. Although, I do agree with the idea that the when children play games in the playground, they should not have teams that are “girls vs boys” they should have different team names, as the example in the article did. This article was informative of gender in schools, and how they have been teaching children, and helping them understand that anyone who is different, in terms of gender orientation, should not be treated differently. It made an interesting point that “the poster [discussing homophobia] in the classroom was above my eye level. This sends an interesting message about sexuality and otherness: they are present but not in plain sight.”[2] The placement of these posters showed that it was something that was not discussed at great length. The discussion of “sexuality and otherness”[3] in schools is not a regular conversation, but it shows that children are able to pick up on differences at young ages and how they are not necessarily as innocent as assumed. This article is connected to the historiography of this topic of gender in grade school and how it plays a role in the impact of play and other aspects of the social environment of schools. The role of gender and differences found in other students, are connected to the overpowering impact of societal construction of gender ideas, and this can be connected to the chapter written by Tracy Penny Light. Gender influences who we are as citizen and what roles and behaviours we are supposed to take on based on gender, and the backlash if individuals fall short.

“What’s the Matter with Obstetrics?” – Little – CMAJ (May 1929)

This source is a primary source and I plan on using it in my paper to support the debate between doctors and midwives in terms of where and who should be involved during childbirth.  As childbirth was in the process of becoming medicalized, there were several debates and struggles of to the education that was provided to students as well as the procedures performed in hospitals. The argument that this article from Canada Medical Association Journal, is that the when women experience childbirth at the hospital, they lose the personal touch of a midwife as they might not perform all the unnecessary procedures the doctors do. It was discussed in this article that doctors are trained to do certain steps when a woman is in labour, but they don’t specialize it to the individual like the midwife might. This debate of hospitalization for childbirth has continued through the years and even today, we still see this debate raised. The connection to the historiography of this topic is that it adds to the argument of midwives and how some women may desire the more personal experience, and to not have procedures performed that are unnecessary. In my paper, I plan on discussing how there was much debate and opposition to the medicalization of childbirth, and how mortality was a large factor and the welfare of mother and child became a large concern since the death rates were increasing in the hospitals opposed to the statistics of home births. This article fits in well, and it argues for midwifes to still be the primary childbirth caregivers, and that this part of life should not become a male dominated field.[4]

Bibliography

H. M. Little, “What’s the Matter With Obstetrics,” CMAJ (May 1929): 646-647.

Penny Light, Tracy, “From Fixing to Enhancing Bodies: Shifting Ideals of Health and Gender in    the Medical Discourse on Cosmetic Surgery in Twentieth Century Canada,” in Penny Light, et.al, Bodily Subjects: Essays on Gender and Health, 1800-2000, Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2015: 319-346.

Stafford, Anika, “‘I Feel Like a Girl Inside’: Possibilities for Gender and Sexual Diversity in Early Primary School,” BC Studies, 181 (Spring 2016): 9-29.

[1]  Penny Light, Tracy, “From Fixing to Enhancing Bodies: Shifting Ideals of Health and Gender in the Medical Discourse on Cosmetic Surgery in Twentieth Century Canada,” in Penny Light, et.al, Bodily Subjects: Essays on Gender and Health, 1800-2000, Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2015: 319-346.

[2] Anika Stafford, “‘I Feel Like a Girl Inside’: Possibilities for Gender and Sexual Diversity in Early Primary School,” BC Studies, 181 (Spring 2016): 18.

[3] Stafford, “‘I Feel Like a Girl Inside’, 18.

[4] H. M. Little, “What’s the Matter With Obstetrics,” CMAJ (May 1929): 647.

The main ideas of these articles focused on the societal construction of gender and how it is connected to exercise or sport.

“The Heterosexual Nature of Health and Hygiene Advertisements in the Cold War” – Thomas Wendelboe

This article was interesting because it discussed the idea of the heterosexual image of men and how it justified certain aspects of society as being a real man. The image of heterosexuality and the societal determined image of a desirable man was being used to sell health products, and certain sports were deemed male sports. This article spent time suggesting that the sphere of sports was seen as a male dominated area of society. The idea that the image of a socially constructed male was used the sell health products is an interesting topic. This idea seemed to create the sexualization of all the products that were advertised in this way. While focusing on the dominate idea of heterosexual males, Thomas Wendelboe suggested the negative stigma that was placed on homosexual males and the image that is portrayed. The societal thoughts on homosexuality during the time period this article focused on were not positive and there were demeaning names associated with anyone who identified in that way. This article adds to the historical context of this broader topic of socially constructed ideals for men, it goes to show the stigma that was placed on anything that did not match up with masculinity or heterosexuality.

“Let Me Hear Your Body Talk: Aerobics for Fat Women Only, 1981-1985” – Jenny Ellison

Jenny Ellison touches on some body image issues that are still prevalent in society today, and that is the idea of overweight women taking part in fitness classes. She focuses on the idea of these classes designed for overweight women, and they performed exercises that would benefit them, and would be doable. This idea really took off when these overweight women started teaching these classes, instead of a small, fit individual. Not only was it suggested that this type of class was beneficial to the self-esteem or self-confidence of these women, because they were surrounded by women who looked, and most likely struggled with the same issues they did. It would have provided a safe place for them to exercise but also be in a place with people like them without judgement. The societal construction of this groups of people in society, was portrayed in a very negative manner, and it caused much negative stigma around these women. The idea of exercise for overweight women was challenged when these classes became popular, and it changed the way these women thought of themselves and exercise. Some could argue that this idea constructed about overweight women and exercise still occurs today and it is still a common struggle that women face in today’s society. This article adds to the greater historiography of this topic, and how this stereotype was slightly altered over time, but society hasn’t completely changed. To this day, society presents an image of what women should look like in the media, which in some cases is impossible to achieve, but that image affects how all women think of themselves.

“Alcohol use During Pregnancy: A Challenge for the ‘80s.” – Mary Jane Ashley

In this article, Mary Jane Ashley discusses the changes in research that have been done in the 1900s. She quotes a 1965 book written by Ashley Montague stating, “it can now be stated categorically, after hundreds of studies covering many years, that no matter how great the amounts of alcohol taken by the mother – or by the father, for that matter – neither the germ cells nor the development of the child will be affected.”[1] I have interlibrary loaned this book by Montague to use in my paper, to support that even in 1965, alcohol was not seen as a contra-indicator. It was also discussed in this article by Ashley, that even in the 80s they were still discussing and doing research on the impacts of alcohol on fetuses, and trying to determine whether there were significant, life changing effects of alcohol. It was suggested that the determination on social drinking was still being discussed, as to whether it caused damage, and if women could still partake in it during their pregnancy. Ashley stated that it was determined that heavy drinking did result in a negative impact on the unborn child. Even though this article does not connect significantly to the other articles assigned for this week, it still discusses a socially constructed idea and how hard it can be to change the norm, even with research. It was also suggested by Ashley that since the detrimental effects of alcohol use during pregnancy are fairly recent discovery, in the 80s, that there were still some older doctors who weren’t necessarily trained or educated in this new development, meaning that the 1960s ways of thinking about this topic was still floating round in the 80s.  This article adds to the historical evidence of this topic because it shows the slow change in a societal constructed idea on health and safety of fetuses.

Bibliography

Ashley, Mary Jane “Alcohol use during pregnancy: A Challenge in the ‘80s.” Canadian Medical Association Journal (1981) Vol. 125 p. 141-143

Ellison, Jenny, “‘Let Me Hear Your Body Talk’: Aerobics for Fat Women Only, 1981-1985,” in    Cheryl Krasnick Warsh (Ed), Gender, Health and Popular Culture: Historical Perspectives, Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 2011: 193-214

Wendelboe, Thomas, “The Heterosexual Nature of Health and Hygiene Advertisements” in Penny Light, et.al, “Introduction,” in Bodily Subjects: Essays on Gender and Health, 1800-2000, Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2015:

[1] Mary Jane Ashley, “Alcohol use during pregnancy: A Challenge in the ‘80s.” Canadian Medical Association Journal (1981) Vol. 125 p. 141.

The main theme in all of these articles was the impact of awareness and how the public needed to be educated on health concerned, but also how society had already constructed certain views on illnesses based on gender.

“Malignant Histories: Psychosomatic Medicine and the Female Cancer Patient in the Postwar Era” – Patricia Jasen

In Patricia Jasen’s article, “Malignant Histories: Psychosomatic Medicine and the Female Cancer Patient in the Postwar Era,” she discusses the idea that gender has become tightly tied to the issues of diseases such as cancer. Jasen focused on the idea asexuality and the role of maternal health in connection to women getting cancer. It was suggested that mom who did a good job were less likely to get sick, and that goes hand in hand with the societal construction of beliefs surrounding gender and illness. This article focused on the emotional health of the female population, they connect this to the motherhood and maternal health and can be connected to Miele and Clarke’s article titled, “”We Remain Very Much the Second Sex”: The Construction of Prostate Cancer in Popular News Magazines, 2000-2010”, because this article discusses the stereotypes created by society and its connection to diseases such as cancer. Patricia Jasen uses these ideas to expand the broader historiography of cancer as she discusses the evolution of the history of cancer and the different ideas and stereotypes that were connected to gendered ideals.

“The Challenge of Developing and Publicizing Cervical Cancer Screening Programs: A Canadian Perspective” – Mandy Hadenko

Mandy Hadenko discusses the screening processes for cancer in women and it ties into the overarching theme of this week’s readings, of educated the general public on disease and to help them make informed decision about their health, in terms of illness. This article was interesting to read as the information of the screening process and how it has evolved over time and the effectiveness of catching the cancer early enough. This article can be connected to the chapter from Wendy Mitchinson’s book because they both discuss the screening and treatment of cervical cancer in female patients. The idea of cancer being scarier than the actual disease itself was mentioned and this seems to be an idea we still have today. Cancer seems as if it is a really scary word, but in most cases the treatment for particular cancers is not tremendous. It is a socially constructed idea that has followed us through history, which is why this article adds to the greater knowledge of this topic on cancer and the screening process. If the cancer is caught soon enough the treatment and recovery is less invasive. Hadenko expands on the knowledge of screening for cervical cancer in women and strongly suggested that it be available to more women in society. It was also discussed that this disease needs to be made public and all the treatment options should be given to the women of society and they should not feel ashamed.

“A Womanly Body: A Cancer Threat” – Wendy Mitchinson

Wendy Mitchinson discusses the idea of screening and treatment for cancer in women. Although this article was very educational about the treatment options, I found it really odd that surgery was the first resort in some cases instead of the less intensive measures we have today. Today doctors would wait to do surgery until they thought it was absolutely necessary. The change in knowledge and understanding of medical treatment is extremely captivating especially in a disease that takes so many of our loved ones’ lives. The education of treatment and the disease itself are crucial for the publics ability to make informed decisions. Mitchinson discusses how the female body has not always been the focus of doctors’ knowledge, as doctors were primarily male and it was a struggle for women to get into that role, so It would not be shocking to see female bodies as not fully understood. This article can be connected to Mandy Hadenko’s article titled “The Challenge of Developing and Publicizing Cervical Cancer Screening Programs: A Canadian Perspective”, because it discusses the importance of screening for cancer and how the importance of education of women who may be more susceptible to this disease. It was argued that the more the public knows, the more assistance can be given to those who found themselves in trouble. These ideas add to the historiography of this topic because it shows the development of the screening process of testing for cancer.

“”We Remain Very Much the Second Sex”: The Construction of Prostate Cancer in Popular News Magazines, 2000-2010” – Miele and Clarke

With this article looking at the portrayal of cancer in the media and its connection to gender, Miele and Clarke presented a lot of stereotypes constructed by society. They focused on the aspect of masculinity and how prostate cancer was connected to that due to society. Men are presented as strong and capable but when it comes to diseases and sickness such as cancer, their wives or women in their lives take on the responsibly of their health. This is a form of gender construction created in society, women are seen as expected to be caretakers, but as we see in the other articles when women are sick, men are not come to pick up the responsibilities. The stereotypes of that of women and men are very different, cervical or breast cancer in women is viewed differently from men with prostate cancer, as men see prostate cancer as a threat to their masculinity. Whereas, the emotional health of women, and their ability to be a mother, as discussed in the article, “Malignant Histories: Psychosomatic Medicine and the Female Cancer Patient in the Postwar Era” by Patricia Jasen, was connected to the health. This article contains important historical context for the historiography of cancer, it article adds to this topic as it takes the views of the media and shows what society was thinking about at the time in terms of this topic, instead of primarily doctors’ perspectives.

“Potential Adverse Effects of Maternal Alcohol Ingestion on the Developing Fetus and their Sequelae in the Infant and Child” – A.B Morrison, M.O. Maykut

This is an article I plan on using in my research paper as it works well into my idea of arguing that even though pregnancy and childbirth was medicalized and the doctors argued they knew best, they were still trying to understand the effects of alcohol on a growing fetus into the late 70s. It tied well into this week’s readings because it discusses the importance of providing the education needed to help the public make informed discussions about their health. The information about the effects of alcohol on fetuses, was not fully determined, but it was suggested in the article that all women who are of age to have children be presented with the education needed to make the decision. This article can be connected to several articles from this week, because they all discuss the importance of educating the public on health matters. The information in order to prevent or for treatment are important for the public to be aware of. This article also has a connection to another book and quote I plan on using in my paper, and it discusses the idea that alcohol did not have an impact on the growing fetuses, even in the 1960s.

Bibliography

Hadenko, Mandy, “The Challenge of Developing and Publicizing Cervical Screening Programs:  A Canadian Perspective,” in Cheryl Krasnick Warsh (Ed), Gender, Health and Popular Culture: Historical Perspectives, Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 2011: 127      152.

Jasen, Patricia, “Malignant Histories: Psychosomatic Medicine and the Female Cancer Patient in the Postwar Era,” Canadian Bulletin of Medical History, 20, 2 (2003): 265-297.

Maykut & Morrison, “Potential adverse effects of maternal alcohol ingestion on the developing fetus and their sequelae in the infant and child.” Canadian Medical Association Journal  (1979) Vol. 120 p. 826-828.

Miele, Richelle and Juanne Clarke, “‘We Remain Very Much the Second Sex’: The Constructions of Prostate Cancer in Popular News Magazines, 2000-2010,” American Journal of Men’s Health, 8, 1 (2014): 15-25.

Mitchinson, Wendy, “The Womanly Body: A Cancer Threat,” in Body Failure: Medical Views  of Women, 1900-1950, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2013: 215-238.